Antibiotic use in patients with COVID-19: a 'snapshot' Infectious Diseases International Research Initiative (ID-IRI) survey.
Identifieur interne : 001698 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 001697; suivant : 001699Antibiotic use in patients with COVID-19: a 'snapshot' Infectious Diseases International Research Initiative (ID-IRI) survey.
Auteurs : Bojana Beovi [Slovénie] ; May Doušak [Slovénie] ; João Ferreira-Coimbra [Portugal] ; Kristina Nadrah [Slovénie] ; Francesca Rubulotta [Royaume-Uni] ; Mirko Belliato [Italie] ; Joana Berger-Estilita [Suisse] ; Folusakin Ayoade [États-Unis] ; Jordi Rello [France, Espagne] ; Hakan Erdem [Turquie]Source :
- The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy [ 1460-2091 ] ; 2020.
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Antibiotics may be indicated in patients with COVID-19 due to suspected or confirmed bacterial superinfection.
OBJECTIVES
To investigate antibiotic prescribing practices in patients with COVID-19.
METHODS
We performed an international web-based survey and investigated the pattern of antibiotic use as reported by physicians involved in treatment of COVID-19. SPSS Statistics version 25 was used for data analysis.
RESULTS
The survey was completed by 166 participants from 23 countries and 82 different hospitals. Local guidelines for antibiotic use in COVID-19 patients were reported by 61.8% (n = 102) of participants and for 82.9% (n = 136) they did not differ from local community-acquired pneumonia guidelines. Clinical presentation was recognized as the most important reason for the start of antibiotics (mean score = 4.07 and SD = 1.095 on grading scale from 1 to 5). When antibiotics were started, most respondents rated as the highest the need for coverage of atypical pathogens (mean score = 2.8 and SD = 0.99), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (mean score = 2.67 and SD = 1.05 on bi-modal scale, with values 1 and 2 for disagreement and values 3 and 4 for agreement). In the patients on the ward, 29.1% of respondents chose not to prescribe any antibiotic. Combination of β-lactams and macrolides or fluoroquinolones was reported by 52.4% (n = 87) of respondents. In patients in the ICU, piperacillin/tazobactam was the most commonly prescribed antibiotic. The mean reported duration of antibiotic treatment was 7.12 (SD = 2.44) days.
CONCLUSIONS
The study revealed widespread broad-spectrum antibiotic use in patients with COVID-19. Implementation of antimicrobial stewardship principles is warranted to mitigate the negative consequences of antibiotic therapy.
DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa326
PubMed: 32766706
PubMed Central: PMC7454563
Affiliations:
- Espagne, France, Italie, Portugal, Royaume-Uni, Slovénie, Suisse, Turquie, États-Unis
- Angleterre, Canton de Berne, Catalogne, Communauté de Madrid, Floride, Grand Londres, Languedoc-Roussillon, Occitanie (région administrative)
- Barcelone, Berne, Londres, Madrid, Nîmes
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xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Berne</settlement><region type="région" nuts="3">Canton de Berne</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ayoade, Folusakin" sort="Ayoade, Folusakin" uniqKey="Ayoade F" first="Folusakin" last="Ayoade">Folusakin Ayoade</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Floride</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rello, Jordi" sort="Rello, Jordi" uniqKey="Rello J" first="Jordi" last="Rello">Jordi Rello</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Anaesthesia Critical Care Emergency and Pain Medicine, University Hospital of Nimes, Montpellier University, Nimes, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Anaesthesia Critical Care Emergency and Pain Medicine, University Hospital of Nimes, Montpellier University, Nimes</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Occitanie (région administrative)</region><region type="old region">Languedoc-Roussillon</region><settlement type="city">Nîmes</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>CIBERES, Vall d'Hebron Institut of Research, Barcelona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>CIBERES, Vall d'Hebron Institut of Research, Barcelona</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Centro Biomedico de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Centro Biomedico de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Madrid</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Communauté de Madrid</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Erdem, Hakan" sort="Erdem, Hakan" uniqKey="Erdem H" first="Hakan" last="Erdem">Hakan Erdem</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>ID-IRI, Ankara, Turkey.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Turquie</country><wicri:regionArea>ID-IRI, Ankara</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ankara</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:32766706</idno><idno type="pmid">32766706</idno><idno type="doi">10.1093/jac/dkaa326</idno><idno type="pmc">PMC7454563</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000687</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000687</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">000687</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Curation">000687</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">000687</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Antibiotic use in patients with COVID-19: a 'snapshot' Infectious Diseases International Research Initiative (ID-IRI) survey.</title><author><name sortKey="Beovi, Bojana" sort="Beovi, Bojana" uniqKey="Beovi B" first="Bojana" last="Beovi">Bojana Beovi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Slovénie</country><wicri:regionArea>University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ljubljana</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Slovénie</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ljubljana</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dousak, May" sort="Dousak, May" uniqKey="Dousak M" first="May" last="Doušak">May Doušak</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Slovénie</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ljubljana</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ferreira Coimbra, Joao" sort="Ferreira Coimbra, Joao" uniqKey="Ferreira Coimbra J" first="João" last="Ferreira-Coimbra">João Ferreira-Coimbra</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Internal Medicine, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Porto</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nadrah, Kristina" sort="Nadrah, Kristina" uniqKey="Nadrah K" first="Kristina" last="Nadrah">Kristina Nadrah</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Slovénie</country><wicri:regionArea>University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ljubljana</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rubulotta, Francesca" sort="Rubulotta, Francesca" uniqKey="Rubulotta F" first="Francesca" last="Rubulotta">Francesca Rubulotta</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College NHS Trust, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College NHS Trust, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Belliato, Mirko" sort="Belliato, Mirko" uniqKey="Belliato M" first="Mirko" last="Belliato">Mirko Belliato</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>UOC Anestesia e Rianimazone 1, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>UOC Anestesia e Rianimazone 1, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Pavia</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Berger Estilita, Joana" sort="Berger Estilita, Joana" uniqKey="Berger Estilita J" first="Joana" last="Berger-Estilita">Joana Berger-Estilita</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Berne</settlement><region type="région" nuts="3">Canton de Berne</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ayoade, Folusakin" sort="Ayoade, Folusakin" uniqKey="Ayoade F" first="Folusakin" last="Ayoade">Folusakin Ayoade</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Floride</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rello, Jordi" sort="Rello, Jordi" uniqKey="Rello J" first="Jordi" last="Rello">Jordi Rello</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Anaesthesia Critical Care Emergency and Pain Medicine, University Hospital of Nimes, Montpellier University, Nimes, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Anaesthesia Critical Care Emergency and Pain Medicine, University Hospital of Nimes, Montpellier University, Nimes</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Occitanie (région administrative)</region><region type="old region">Languedoc-Roussillon</region><settlement type="city">Nîmes</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>CIBERES, Vall d'Hebron Institut of Research, Barcelona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>CIBERES, Vall d'Hebron Institut of Research, Barcelona</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Centro Biomedico de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Centro Biomedico de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Madrid</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Communauté de Madrid</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Erdem, Hakan" sort="Erdem, Hakan" uniqKey="Erdem H" first="Hakan" last="Erdem">Hakan Erdem</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>ID-IRI, Ankara, Turkey.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Turquie</country><wicri:regionArea>ID-IRI, Ankara</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ankara</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy</title><idno type="eISSN">1460-2091</idno><imprint><date when="2020" type="published">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>BACKGROUND</b></p><p>Antibiotics may be indicated in patients with COVID-19 due to suspected or confirmed bacterial superinfection.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>OBJECTIVES</b></p><p>To investigate antibiotic prescribing practices in patients with COVID-19.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>METHODS</b></p><p>We performed an international web-based survey and investigated the pattern of antibiotic use as reported by physicians involved in treatment of COVID-19. SPSS Statistics version 25 was used for data analysis.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>RESULTS</b></p><p>The survey was completed by 166 participants from 23 countries and 82 different hospitals. Local guidelines for antibiotic use in COVID-19 patients were reported by 61.8% (n = 102) of participants and for 82.9% (n = 136) they did not differ from local community-acquired pneumonia guidelines. Clinical presentation was recognized as the most important reason for the start of antibiotics (mean score = 4.07 and SD = 1.095 on grading scale from 1 to 5). When antibiotics were started, most respondents rated as the highest the need for coverage of atypical pathogens (mean score = 2.8 and SD = 0.99), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (mean score = 2.67 and SD = 1.05 on bi-modal scale, with values 1 and 2 for disagreement and values 3 and 4 for agreement). In the patients on the ward, 29.1% of respondents chose not to prescribe any antibiotic. Combination of β-lactams and macrolides or fluoroquinolones was reported by 52.4% (n = 87) of respondents. In patients in the ICU, piperacillin/tazobactam was the most commonly prescribed antibiotic. The mean reported duration of antibiotic treatment was 7.12 (SD = 2.44) days.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b></p><p>The study revealed widespread broad-spectrum antibiotic use in patients with COVID-19. Implementation of antimicrobial stewardship principles is warranted to mitigate the negative consequences of antibiotic therapy.</p></div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="Publisher" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">32766706</PMID><DateRevised><Year>2020</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>01</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1460-2091</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><PubDate><Year>2020</Year><Month>Aug</Month><Day>07</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy</Title><ISOAbbreviation>J. Antimicrob. Chemother.</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Antibiotic use in patients with COVID-19: a 'snapshot' Infectious Diseases International Research Initiative (ID-IRI) survey.</ArticleTitle><ELocationID EIdType="pii" ValidYN="Y">dkaa326</ELocationID><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1093/jac/dkaa326</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText Label="BACKGROUND" NlmCategory="BACKGROUND">Antibiotics may be indicated in patients with COVID-19 due to suspected or confirmed bacterial superinfection.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="OBJECTIVES" NlmCategory="OBJECTIVE">To investigate antibiotic prescribing practices in patients with COVID-19.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="METHODS" NlmCategory="METHODS">We performed an international web-based survey and investigated the pattern of antibiotic use as reported by physicians involved in treatment of COVID-19. SPSS Statistics version 25 was used for data analysis.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="RESULTS" NlmCategory="RESULTS">The survey was completed by 166 participants from 23 countries and 82 different hospitals. Local guidelines for antibiotic use in COVID-19 patients were reported by 61.8% (n = 102) of participants and for 82.9% (n = 136) they did not differ from local community-acquired pneumonia guidelines. Clinical presentation was recognized as the most important reason for the start of antibiotics (mean score = 4.07 and SD = 1.095 on grading scale from 1 to 5). When antibiotics were started, most respondents rated as the highest the need for coverage of atypical pathogens (mean score = 2.8 and SD = 0.99), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (mean score = 2.67 and SD = 1.05 on bi-modal scale, with values 1 and 2 for disagreement and values 3 and 4 for agreement). In the patients on the ward, 29.1% of respondents chose not to prescribe any antibiotic. Combination of β-lactams and macrolides or fluoroquinolones was reported by 52.4% (n = 87) of respondents. In patients in the ICU, piperacillin/tazobactam was the most commonly prescribed antibiotic. The mean reported duration of antibiotic treatment was 7.12 (SD = 2.44) days.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="CONCLUSIONS" NlmCategory="CONCLUSIONS">The study revealed widespread broad-spectrum antibiotic use in patients with COVID-19. Implementation of antimicrobial stewardship principles is warranted to mitigate the negative consequences of antibiotic therapy.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Beović</LastName><ForeName>Bojana</ForeName><Initials>B</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Doušak</LastName><ForeName>May</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ferreira-Coimbra</LastName><ForeName>João</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Nadrah</LastName><ForeName>Kristina</ForeName><Initials>K</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rubulotta</LastName><ForeName>Francesca</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College NHS Trust, London, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Belliato</LastName><ForeName>Mirko</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>UOC Anestesia e Rianimazone 1, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Berger-Estilita</LastName><ForeName>Joana</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ayoade</LastName><ForeName>Folusakin</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rello</LastName><ForeName>Jordi</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Anaesthesia Critical Care Emergency and Pain Medicine, University Hospital of Nimes, Montpellier University, Nimes, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CIBERES, Vall d'Hebron Institut of Research, Barcelona, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centro Biomedico de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Erdem</LastName><ForeName>Hakan</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ID-IRI, Ankara, Turkey.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2020</Year><Month>08</Month><Day>07</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>England</Country><MedlineTA>J Antimicrob Chemother</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>7513617</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0305-7453</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2020</Year><Month>05</Month><Day>18</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2020</Year><Month>06</Month><Day>25</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2020</Year><Month>8</Month><Day>9</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2020</Year><Month>8</Month><Day>9</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2020</Year><Month>8</Month><Day>9</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>aheadofprint</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32766706</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">5882116</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1093/jac/dkaa326</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC7454563</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><ReferenceList><Reference><Citation>Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Jul 28;71(15):706-712</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32109279</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>N Engl J Med. 2020 Apr 30;382(18):1708-1720</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32109013</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Lancet. 2020 Mar 28;395(10229):1054-1062</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32171076</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020 Jul;26(7):808-810</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32360446</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Clin Chim Acta. 2020 Jun;505:190-191</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32145275</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Lancet. 2020 Feb 15;395(10223):507-513</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32007143</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Crit Care. 2019 Jul 19;23(1):258</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">31324202</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>JAMA. 2020 Apr 15;:</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32293646</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference></ReferenceList></PubmedData></pubmed><affiliations><list><country><li>Espagne</li><li>France</li><li>Italie</li><li>Portugal</li><li>Royaume-Uni</li><li>Slovénie</li><li>Suisse</li><li>Turquie</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Angleterre</li><li>Canton de Berne</li><li>Catalogne</li><li>Communauté de Madrid</li><li>Floride</li><li>Grand Londres</li><li>Languedoc-Roussillon</li><li>Occitanie (région administrative)</li></region><settlement><li>Barcelone</li><li>Berne</li><li>Londres</li><li>Madrid</li><li>Nîmes</li></settlement></list><tree><country name="Slovénie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Beovi, Bojana" sort="Beovi, Bojana" uniqKey="Beovi B" first="Bojana" last="Beovi">Bojana Beovi</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Beovi, Bojana" sort="Beovi, Bojana" uniqKey="Beovi B" first="Bojana" last="Beovi">Bojana Beovi</name><name sortKey="Dousak, May" sort="Dousak, May" uniqKey="Dousak M" first="May" last="Doušak">May Doušak</name><name sortKey="Nadrah, Kristina" sort="Nadrah, Kristina" uniqKey="Nadrah K" first="Kristina" last="Nadrah">Kristina Nadrah</name></country><country name="Portugal"><noRegion><name sortKey="Ferreira Coimbra, Joao" sort="Ferreira Coimbra, Joao" uniqKey="Ferreira Coimbra J" first="João" last="Ferreira-Coimbra">João Ferreira-Coimbra</name></noRegion></country><country name="Royaume-Uni"><region name="Angleterre"><name sortKey="Rubulotta, Francesca" sort="Rubulotta, Francesca" uniqKey="Rubulotta F" first="Francesca" last="Rubulotta">Francesca Rubulotta</name></region></country><country name="Italie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Belliato, Mirko" sort="Belliato, Mirko" uniqKey="Belliato M" first="Mirko" last="Belliato">Mirko Belliato</name></noRegion></country><country name="Suisse"><region name="Canton de Berne"><name sortKey="Berger Estilita, Joana" sort="Berger Estilita, Joana" uniqKey="Berger Estilita J" first="Joana" last="Berger-Estilita">Joana Berger-Estilita</name></region></country><country name="États-Unis"><region name="Floride"><name sortKey="Ayoade, Folusakin" sort="Ayoade, Folusakin" uniqKey="Ayoade F" first="Folusakin" last="Ayoade">Folusakin Ayoade</name></region></country><country name="France"><region name="Occitanie (région administrative)"><name sortKey="Rello, Jordi" sort="Rello, Jordi" uniqKey="Rello J" first="Jordi" last="Rello">Jordi Rello</name></region></country><country name="Espagne"><region name="Catalogne"><name sortKey="Rello, Jordi" sort="Rello, Jordi" uniqKey="Rello J" first="Jordi" last="Rello">Jordi Rello</name></region><name sortKey="Rello, Jordi" sort="Rello, Jordi" uniqKey="Rello J" first="Jordi" last="Rello">Jordi Rello</name></country><country name="Turquie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Erdem, Hakan" sort="Erdem, Hakan" uniqKey="Erdem H" first="Hakan" last="Erdem">Hakan Erdem</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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